SuanShu, a Java numerical and statistical library

com.numericalmethod.suanshu.number.complex

Class Complex

• Nested classes/interfaces inherited from interface com.numericalmethod.suanshu.algebra.structure.Field

Field.InverseNonExistent
• Field Summary

Fields
Modifier and Type Field and Description
static Complex I
a number representing 0.0 + 1.0i, the square root of -1
static Complex NaN
a number representing the complex Not-a-Number (NaN)
static Complex NEGATIVE_INFINITY
a number representing -∞ + -∞i
static Complex ONE
a number representing 1.0 + 0.0i
static Complex POSITIVE_INFINITY
a number representing +∞ + ∞i
static Complex ZERO
a number representing 0.0 + 0.0i
• Constructor Summary

Constructors
Constructor and Description
Complex(double a)
Construct a complex number from a real number.
Complex(double a, double b)
Construct a complex number from the real and imaginary parts.
• Method Summary

All Methods
Modifier and Type Method and Description
Complex add(Complex that)
+ : G × G → G
double arg()
Get the θ of the complex number in polar representation.
int compare(Number that, double epsilon)
Compare this and that numbers up to a precision.
Complex conjugate()
Get the conjugate of the complex number, namely, (a - bi).
Complex divide(Complex that)
Compute the quotient of this complex number divided by another complex number.
double doubleValue()
boolean equals(Object obj)
float floatValue()
static Complex fromPolar(double r, double theta)
Factory method to construct a complex number from the polar form: (r, θ).
int hashCode()
double imaginary()
Get the imaginary part of this complex number.
int intValue()
Deprecated.
Invalid operation.
Complex inverse()
For each a in F, there exists an element b in F such that a × b = b × a = 1.
static boolean isInfinite(Complex z)
Check if a complex number is an infinity; i.e., either the real or the imaginary part is infinite, c.f., Double.isInfinite(), and the number is not a NaN.
static boolean isNaN(Complex z)
Check if a complex number is an NaN; i.e., either the real or the imaginary part is an NaN.
static boolean isReal(Complex z)
Check if this complex number is a real number; i.e., the imaginary part is 0.
long longValue()
Deprecated.
Invalid operation.
Complex minus(Complex that)
- : G × G → G

The operation "-" is not in the definition of of an additive group but can be deduced.

double modulus()
Get the modulus.
Complex multiply(Complex that)
Compute the product of this complex number and that complex number.
Complex ONE()
Get one - the number representing 1.0 + 0.0i.
Complex opposite()
For each a in G, there exists an element b in G such that a + b = b + a = 0.
double real()
Get the real part of this complex number.
Double toDouble()
Cast the complex number to a Double if it is a real number.
String toString()
Complex ZERO()
Get zero - the number representing 0.0 + 0.0i.
• Methods inherited from class java.lang.Number

byteValue, shortValue
• Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait
• Field Detail

• I

public static final Complex I
a number representing 0.0 + 1.0i, the square root of -1
• ZERO

public static final Complex ZERO
a number representing 0.0 + 0.0i
• ONE

public static final Complex ONE
a number representing 1.0 + 0.0i
• POSITIVE_INFINITY

public static final Complex POSITIVE_INFINITY
a number representing +∞ + ∞i
• NEGATIVE_INFINITY

public static final Complex NEGATIVE_INFINITY
a number representing -∞ + -∞i
• NaN

public static final Complex NaN
a number representing the complex Not-a-Number (NaN)
• Constructor Detail

• Complex

public Complex(double a,
double b)
Construct a complex number from the real and imaginary parts.
Parameters:
a - the real part
b - the imaginary part
• Complex

public Complex(double a)
Construct a complex number from a real number.
Parameters:
a - a real number
• Method Detail

• fromPolar

public static Complex fromPolar(double r,
double theta)
Factory method to construct a complex number from the polar form: (r, θ).
Parameters:
r - a radius
theta - an angle
Returns:
a complex number equivalent to the polar form (r, θ)
• real

public double real()
Get the real part of this complex number.
Returns:
the real part
• imaginary

public double imaginary()
Get the imaginary part of this complex number.
Returns:
the imaginary part
• isReal

public static boolean isReal(Complex z)
Check if this complex number is a real number; i.e., the imaginary part is 0.
Parameters:
z - a complex number
Returns:
true if the imaginary part is 0
• isNaN

public static boolean isNaN(Complex z)
Check if a complex number is an NaN; i.e., either the real or the imaginary part is an NaN.
Parameters:
z - a complex number
Returns:
true if either the real or the imaginary part is a NaN
• isInfinite

public static boolean isInfinite(Complex z)
Check if a complex number is an infinity; i.e., either the real or the imaginary part is infinite, c.f., Double.isInfinite(), and the number is not a NaN.
Parameters:
z - a complex number
Returns:
true if either the real or the imaginary part is infinite
• modulus

public double modulus()
Get the modulus. The modulus is the square root of itself multiplied by its conjugate, namely
this.modulus() * this.modulus() = this.multiply(this.conjugate())
Returns:
the modulus
Math.hypot(double, double)
• arg

public double arg()
Get the θ of the complex number in polar representation.
Returns:
θ as in the polar form (r, θ)
• toDouble

public Double toDouble()
Cast the complex number to a Double if it is a real number.
Returns:
the real part if this complex number is a real number
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if this complex number is not a real number
• conjugate

public Complex conjugate()
Get the conjugate of the complex number, namely, (a - bi).
Returns:
the conjugate
• intValue

@Deprecated
public int intValue()
Deprecated. Invalid operation.
Specified by:
intValue in class Number
• longValue

@Deprecated
public long longValue()
Deprecated. Invalid operation.
Specified by:
longValue in class Number
• floatValue

public float floatValue()
Specified by:
floatValue in class Number
• doubleValue

public double doubleValue()
Specified by:
doubleValue in class Number

public Complex add(Complex that)
Description copied from interface: AbelianGroup
+ : G × G → G
Specified by:
add in interface AbelianGroup<Complex>
Parameters:
that - the object to be added
Returns:
this + that
• minus

public Complex minus(Complex that)
Description copied from interface: AbelianGroup
- : G × G → G

The operation "-" is not in the definition of of an additive group but can be deduced. This function is provided for convenience purpose. It is equivalent to

this.add(that.opposite())
.
Specified by:
minus in interface AbelianGroup<Complex>
Parameters:
that - the object to be subtracted (subtrahend)
Returns:
this - that
• opposite

public Complex opposite()
Description copied from interface: AbelianGroup
For each a in G, there exists an element b in G such that a + b = b + a = 0. That is, it is the object such as
this.add(this.opposite()) == this.ZERO
Specified by:
opposite in interface AbelianGroup<Complex>
Returns:
• inverse

public Complex inverse()
throws Field.InverseNonExistent
Description copied from interface: Field
For each a in F, there exists an element b in F such that a × b = b × a = 1. That is, it is the object such as
this.multiply(this.inverse()) == this.ONE
Specified by:
inverse in interface Field<Complex>
Returns:
1 / this if it exists
Throws:
Field.InverseNonExistent - if the inverse does not exist
Wikipedia: Multiplicative inverse
• divide

public Complex divide(Complex that)
Compute the quotient of this complex number divided by another complex number. $\frac{a + bi}{c + di} = \frac{ac + bd + (bc - ad)i}{c^2 + d^2}$

ABSTRACT

We develop a simple method for scaling to avoid overflow and harmful underflow in complex division. The method guarantees that no overflow will occur unless at least one component of the quotient must overflow, otherwise the normwise error in the computed result is at most a few units in the last place. Moreover, the scaling requires only four floating point multiplications and a small amount of integer arithmetic to compute the scale factor. Thus, on many modern CPUs, our method is both safer and faster than Smith's widely used algorithm.
Specified by:
divide in interface Field<Complex>
Parameters:
that - the denominator
Returns:
this / that
Throws:
ArithmeticException - if division by zero happens
"Douglas M. Priest Sun Microsystems, Menlo Park, CA, "Efficient scaling for complex division," ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) archive, Volume 30, Issue 4 (December 2004) Pages: 389 - 401."
• multiply

public Complex multiply(Complex that)
Compute the product of this complex number and that complex number.
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i
This implementation is more efficient by doing 1 less multiplication:
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + ((a + b)(c + d) - ac - bd)i
Specified by:
multiply in interface Monoid<Complex>
Parameters:
that - the multiplicand
Returns:
this * that
• ZERO

public Complex ZERO()
Get zero - the number representing 0.0 + 0.0i.
Specified by:
ZERO in interface AbelianGroup<Complex>
Returns:
ZERO
• ONE

public Complex ONE()
Get one - the number representing 1.0 + 0.0i.
Specified by:
ONE in interface Monoid<Complex>
Returns:
ONE
• compare

public int compare(Number that,
double epsilon)
Description copied from interface: NumberUtils.Comparable
Compare this and that numbers up to a precision.
Specified by:
compare in interface NumberUtils.Comparable<Complex>
Parameters:
that - a Number. As a number can be represented in multiple ways, e.g., 0 = 0 + 0i, the implementation may need to check Object type.
epsilon - a precision parameter: when a number |x| ≤ ε, it is considered 0
Returns:
0 if both numbers are close enough; +1 if this is bigger; -1 if that is bigger
• toString

public String toString()
Overrides:
toString in class Object
• equals

public boolean equals(Object obj)
Overrides:
equals in class Object
• hashCode

public int hashCode()
Overrides:
hashCode in class Object